RF Ablation

• What are some common uses of the procedure?
• How should I prepare for the procedure?
• What does the equipment look like?
• How does the procedure work?
• How is the procedure performed?
• What will I experience during and after the procedure?
• Who interprets the results and how do I get them?
• What are the benefits vs. risks?
• What are the limitations of the procedure?

Radiofrequency ablation, sometimes referred to as RFA, is a minimally invasive treatment for cancer. It is an image-guided technique that heats and destroys cancer cells.

In radiofrequency ablation, imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are used to help guide a needle electrode into a cancerous tumor. High-frequency electrical currents are then passed through the electrode, creating heat that destroys the abnormal cells.

In general, radiofrequency ablation is most effective treating tumors that are less than two inches in diameter. It may be used in addition to chemotherapy or radiation therapy or as an alternative to surgical treatment. RFA is not intended to replace surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy in all patients. It may be effective when used alone or in conjunction with these treatments.

What are some common uses of the procedure?

Radiofrequency ablation is used to treat early-stage lung cancer.
Radiofrequency ablation is used to treat two types of liver cancer:

• hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a primary liver cancer (meaning it begins in the liver)
• colon cancer that metastasizes or spreads from the colon to the liver.

Radiofrequency ablation is a viable and effective treatment option if you:

• are not a good candidate for surgery because your tumor is difficult to reach
• have other medical conditions that make surgery especially risky
• would not have enough liver tissue left for the organ to function adequately following the surgical removal of a tumor
• have liver tumors that have not responded to chemotherapy or that have recurred after being removed surgically
• you have several small liver tumors that are too spread out to be removed surgica
• wish to avoid conventional surgery
• are too ill to undergo surgery
• have a small number of metastases in your lungs, or tumors that have spread from a cancer located elsewhere in your body, such as the kidney, intestine or breast
• have a large tumor that is too large to be removed surgically.

RFA is also used to:

• reduce the size of a tumor so that it can be more easily eliminated by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
• provide relief when a tumor invades the chest wall and causes pain.

How should I prepare?

You should report to your doctor all medications that you are taking, including herbal supplements, and if you have any allergies, especially to anesthesia or to contrast materials (also known as "dye" or "x-ray dye"). Your physician may advise you to stop taking aspirin or a blood thinner for a specified period of time days before your procedure.

Prior to your procedure, your blood may be tested to determine how well your kidneys are functioning and whether your blood clots normally.

Women should always inform their physician or x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. Many imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy because radiation can be harmful to the fetus. If an x-ray is necessary, precautions will be taken to minimize radiation exposure to the baby.

You may be instructed not to eat or drink anything after midnight before your procedure. Your doctor will tell you which medications you may take in the morning.

You should plan to have a relative or friend drive you home after your procedure.

You may be asked to wear a gown during the procedure.

What does the equipment look like?

In this procedure, computed tomography (CT) imaging, needle electrodes, an electrical generator and grounding pads are used.

There are two types of needle electrodes: simple straight needles and a straight, hollow needle that contains several retractable electrodes that extend when needed.

The radiofrequency generator produces electrical currents in the range of radiofrequency waves. It is connected by insulated wires to the needle electrodes and to grounding pads that are placed on the patient's back or thigh.

The CT scanner is typically a large machine with a hole, or tunnel, in the center. You will lie on a table which slides into and out of this tunnel. The x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors rotate around you. They are opposite each other in a ring, called a gantry. The computer workstation that processes the imaging information is located in a separate room.

Ultrasound scanners consist of a console containing a computer and electronics, a video display screen and a transducer that is used to scan the body and veins. The transducer is a small hand-held device that resembles a microphone, attached to the scanner by a cord. The transducer sends out high frequency sound waves and then listens for the returning echo. The principles are similar to sonar used by boats and submarines.

The ultrasound image is immediately visible on a nearby screen that looks much like a computer or television monitor. The image is created based on the amplitude (strength), frequency and time it takes for the sound signal to return from the patient to the transducer.

Other equipment that may be used during the procedure includes an intravenous line (IV) and equipment that monitors your heart beat and blood pressure.

How does the procedure work?

Radiofrequency ablation works by passing electrical currents in the range of radiofrequency waves between the needle electrode and the grounding pads placed on the patient's skin. These currents create heat within the electrode, which when placed within the tumor, heats and destroys the abnormal cells. Because healthy liver tissue is better able to withstand heat, radiofrequency ablation is able to destroy a tumor and only a small rim of normal tissue around the edges of the tumor. At the same time, heat from radiofrequency energy closes small blood vessels and lessens the risk of bleeding. The dead tumor cells are gradually replaced by scar tissue that shrinks over time.

Ultrasound or computed tomography imaging may be used to help the physician guide the needle electrode into the tumor.

How is it performed?

Radiofrequency Ablation

Image-guided, minimally invasive procedures such as radiofrequency ablation are most often performed by a specially trained interventional radiologist in an interventional radiology suite or occasionally in the operating room.

Radiofrequency ablation is often done on an outpatient basis.

You will be positioned on the examining table.

You will be connected to monitors that track your heart rate, blood pressure and pulse during the procedure.

A nurse or technologist will insert an intravenous (IV) line into a vein in your hand or arm so that sedation medication can be given intravenously.

With liver treatments, your physician will use CT scanning to precisely locate the tumor. Your skin will be marked at the proper chest wall site.

The area where the electrodes are to be inserted will be shaved, sterilized and covered with a surgical drape.

Your physician will numb the area with a local anesthetic.

A very small nick is made in the skin at the site.

Radiofrequency ablation is performed using one of three methods:

• Surgically
• Percutaneous, in which needle electrodes are inserted through the skin and into the site of the tumor.
• Thoracoscopic, in which needle electrodes within a thin, plastic tube is threaded through a small hole in the skin in a procedure called a thoracoscopy.

Using imaging-guidance, your physician will insert the needle electrode through the skin and advance it to the site of the tumor.

Once the needle electrode is in place, radiofrequency energy is applied. For a large tumor, it may be necessary to do multiple ablations to ensure no tumor tissue is left behind.

At the end of the procedure, the needle electrode will be removed and pressure will be applied to stop any bleeding and the opening in the skin is covered with a dressing. No sutures are needed.

Your intravenous line will be removed.

With ling treatments, a chest x-ray will be taken to make sure that the lung has not collapsed from an air pocket created during the procedure. If a collapse has occurred, it may be necessary to insert a small tube into the area to remove the air pocket. The tube may need to remain in place for one to several days.

Each radiofrequency ablation treatment takes about 10 to 30 minutes. The entire procedure is usually completed within three hours.          

What will I experience during and after the procedure?

Devices to monitor your heart rate and blood pressure will be attached to your body.

You will feel a slight pin prick when the needle is inserted into your vein for the intravenous line (IV) and when the local anesthetic is injected.

The intravenous (IV) sedative will make you feel relaxed and sleepy. You may or may not remain awake, depending on how deeply you are sedated.

Pain immediately following radiofrequency ablation can be controlled by pain medication given through your IV or by injection. Afterward any mild discomfort you experience can be controlled by oral pain medications. A few patients feel nauseous, but this can also be relieved by medication.

You will remain in the recovery room until you are completely awake and ready to return home.

You should be able to resume your usual activities within a few days.

Only about two percent of patients will still have pain a week following radiofrequency ablation.

Who interprets the results and how do I get them?

Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver is performed within a few hours to a week following radiofrequency ablation. A radiologist will interpret these CT or MRI scans to detect any complications and to ensure that all of the tumor tissue has been destroyed.

Liver tumor patients will undergo CT scans every three months to check for new tumors.

What are the benefits vs. risks for treating lung tumors?

Benefits

• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is much less invasive than open surgery when treating primary or metastatic lung tumors. Side effects and complications are less frequent and less serious when RFA is carried out.
• Patients who have multiple tumors or tumors in both lungs usually are not considered to be candidates for surgery. They may, however, be candidates for RFA.
• Lung function is better preserved after RFA than after surgical removal of a tumor. This is especially important for those whose ability to breathe is impaired, such as current or former cigarette smokers.
• When part of the tumor persists after RFA, radiation therapy may eliminate the remaining tumor cells. RFA very effectively destroys the central part of a tumor—the area that tends not to respond well to radiotherapy.
• If a tumor recurs in the same region, it usually can be retreated by RFA. The procedure may be repeated multiple times if necessary.
• Even when RFA does not remove all of a tumor, a reduction in the total amount of tumor may extend life for a significant time.
• It takes much less time to recover from RFA than it does from conventional surgery.
• RFA is a relatively quick procedure that does not require general anesthesia. Recovery is rapid so that chemotherapy may be resumed almost immediately.
• Radiofrequency ablation is less expensive than other treatment options.
• No surgical incision is needed—only a small nick in the skin that does not have to be stitched closed.

Risks

• It is not uncommon for passage of the radiofrequency electrode to produce a condition called pneumothorax. This occurs when a collection of air or gas in the chest cavity collapses part of the lung. Usually no treatment is needed, but some patients may have a chest tube placed for up to a few days to drain the air.
• Significant bleeding into the lung is an uncommon complication of radiofrequency ablation (RFA).
• Fluid may collect in the space between the lung and its covering membrane. If the patient becomes short of breath, the fluid will have to be removed using a needle.
• Severe pain after RFA is uncommon, but may last a few days and require a narcotic to provide relief.
• Though rare, an occasional patient with certain types of underlying lung disease may become worse after RFA, and in severe cases this may be fatal.
• Any procedure where the skin is penetrated carries a risk of infection. The chance of infection requiring antibiotic treatment appears to be less than one in 1,000.

What are the benefits vs. risks for treating Liver Tumors?

Benefits

• Radiofrequency ablation can be an effective treatment for primary liver cancer and for cancers that have spread to the liver in select patients whose disease is unsuitable for surgical resection.
• In most studies, more than half of the liver tumors treated by radiofrequency ablation have not recurred.
• Treatment-related serious complications are infrequent and discomfort is minimal.
• Radiofrequency ablation may be used repeatedly to treat recurrent liver tumors.
• The percutaneous method of radiofrequency ablation, in which electrodes are inserted through the skin, is minimally invasive, produces few complications, requires only sedation rather than general anesthesia and does not require hospital admission.
• RFA is a relatively quick procedure that does not require general anesthesia. Recovery is rapid so that chemotherapy may be resumed almost immediately.
• Radiofrequency ablation is less expensive than other treatment options.
• No surgical incision is needed—only a small nick in the skin that does not have to be stitched closed.

Risks

• Any procedure where the skin is penetrated carries a risk of infection. The chance of infection requiring antibiotic treatment appears to be less than one in 1,000.
• Depending on the site of treatment, radiofrequency ablation may cause brief or, rarely, long-lasting shoulder pain; inflammation of the gallbladder that subsides after a few weeks; damage to the bile ducts resulting in biliary obstruction; or thermal damage to the bowel.
• Roughly one in four patients may develop a "post-ablation syndrome" with flu-like symptoms that appear three to five days after the procedure and usually last about five days. An occasional patient may remain ill for two to three weeks. Acetaminophen taken by mouth is commonly used to control fever.
• Some cases of bleeding have been reported but it usually stops on its own. If bleeding is severe, an additional procedure or surgery may be needed to control it.
• Organs and tissues near the liver, such as the gallbladder, bile ducts, diaphragm and bowel loops, are at risk of being injured. Although this occurs only 3 to 5 percent of the time, it may require surgical correction. The risk of this complication is related to the location of the liver tumor that is treated.
• Severe pain after RFA is uncommon, but may last a few days and require a narcotic to provide relief.

What are the limitations of Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumors?

There is a limit to the volume of tumor tissue that can be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation. This is due to limitations with current equipment. Hopefully technical advances will permit larger tumors to be treated in the future. Radiofrequency ablation also cannot destroy microscopic-sized tumors and cannot prevent cancer from growing back.

What are the limitations of Radiofrequency Ablation of Lung Tumors?

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may not be practical if the tumor being treated is close to a critical organ such as the central airways, blood vessels, or heart. Large lung tumors and those that are difficult to reach may require repeated RFA treatments.